Moldova lacks domestic sources of fossil energy and must import substantial amounts of petroleum, coal, natural gas, and other energy resources. Primary energy supply in 2018 was about half natural gas, a quarter oil and solid biomass one-fifth.[1]
Moldova was an observer to the treaty establishing the Energy Community from the outset (2006). Following its interest in full membership, the European Commission was mandated to carry out accession negotiations with Moldova in 2007. In December 2009, the Energy Community Ministerial Council decided on the accession, but made it conditional to amendment of Moldova''s gas law.[2] Moldova joined the Energy Community as a full-fledged member in March 2010.[3]
The Energy Community acquis communautaire consists of roughly 25 legal acts.[4] It includes key EU legal acts in the area of electricity, gas, oil, environment, energy efficiency, renewable energy resources and statistics. The treaty envisages that the main principles of EU competition policy are also applicable. The timeline for transposition and implementation is laid down by the treaty or by a Ministerial Council decision.
Moldova is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on the basis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.[5]
Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the country has boosted efforts to connect energy systems to the European grid and to discontinue purchases of energy from Russia. The country plans to cease using electricity produced from Russian gas by 2025 by importing electricity from Romania instead.[6]
In 2022 Moldova created JSC Energocom, initially just for renewable power supplies, before Russia attacked Ukraine electricity system that resulted in electricity imports from Ukraine being suspended. EBRD provided Energocom with €300m to improve energy security.[7] Energocom has become the central electricity supplier and public electricity trader of Moldova as well as a gas supplier.[8]
Moldovagas, owned 50% by Gazprom, 35.33% by the Government of Moldova and 13.44% is held by the government of Transnistria. The contract between Moldovagas and Gazprom ended in September 2021, the new contract which increased the price by 500%, will expire in October 2026, to supply 5.7(million m3 per day) mcm/d.
Improvements were made by 2021 in diversification of supply through interconnecting with Romania through the Ungheni-Chisinau pipeline and the use of gas storage capacities in Ukraine and Romania, improve stability.[9]
In December 2022 Gazprom cut off supplies for three months. Between December 2022 and March 2023, when Gazprom cut off supplies, Energocom provided all gas needed by Moldova.[10] Energocom will be supplying 3.7 mcm/d of gas primarily from Romania and Ukraine.[11]
Romania advised in November 2023 that it was willing to supply gas to Moldova originating in Azerbaijan with whom it had an agreement for 1,000mcm of gas. Energocom is storing 450mcm of gas in Romania ready for winter. Moldova''s annual demand is 1,300mcm.[13]
March 2022 saw Moldova interconnecting its national electricity network with that of Romania. It is planned for Romania to provide 30% of the needs of Moldova.[14]
In November 2022 the power station located in Transnistra which produced electricity from Russian gas ceased supplying Moldova with electricity. Electricity was imported from Romania, albeit at a higher cost, helped by a grant from the EU of €200m.[15]
In December 2022 Moldova agreed to continue receiving electricity from the Transnistra power plant at $73 per MWh, later reduced to $66MWh. Moldova announced in 2023 that it would no longer be buying electricity from the Cuciurgan power station once a high-voltage power line from Romania is installed, scheduled for 2025.[12]
Total energy supply (TES) includes all the energy produced in or imported to a country, minus that which is exported or stored. It represents all the energy required to supply end users in the country. Some of these energy sources are used directly while most are transformed into fuels or electricity for final consumption.
Energy production includes any fossil fuels drilled and mined, which can be burned to produce electricity or used as fuels, as well as energy produced by nuclear fission and renewable power sources such as hydro, wind and solar PV. Bioenergy - which here includes both modern and traditional sources, including the burning of municipal waste - is also an important domestic energy source in many countries.
Imports, particularly of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal, make up an important part of the energy supply in many countries. Countries that rely heavily on imported energy may be vulnerable to supply disruption from external events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. In countries that export large amounts of energy, falling energy prices can also cause major economic shocks.
Energy sources, particularly fossil fuels, are often transformed into more useful or practical forms before being used. For example, crude oil is refined into many different kinds of fuels and products, while coal, oil and natural gas can be burned to generate electricity and heat. Other forms of transformation, such as extracting gas or oil from coal, play a relatively minor role in the energy systems of most countries.
One of the most important types of transformation for the energy system is the refining of crude oil into oil products, such as the fuels that power automobiles, ships and planes.
Another important form of transformation is the generation of electricity. Thermal power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat of burning fuels or nuclear reactions – during which up to half of their energy content is lost. Renewable power sources generate electricity directly from natural forces such as the sun, wind, or the movement of water.
Total final consumption (TFC) is the energy consumed by end users such as individuals and businesses to heat and cool buildings, to run lights, devices, and appliances, and to power vehicles, machines and factories. It also includes non-energy uses of energy products, such as fossil fuels used to make chemicals.
Some of the energy found in primary sources is lost when converting them to useable final products, especially electricity. As a result, the breakdown of final consumption can look very different from that of the primary energy supply (TES). Both are needed to fully understand the energy system.
The sectoral breakdown of a country''s energy demand, which is based on its economy, geography and history, can greatly impact its energy needs and which energy sources it relies on to meet those needs – such as fueling automobiles, heating or cooling homes or running factories.
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