The Kyrgyz Republic is a landlocked country in Central Asia, located in the western and central part of the Tien Shan mountain system and Pamir-Alai. In the north it borders on Kazakhstan; in the west, Uzbekistan; in the southwest, Tajikistan; and in the east and southeast, the People''s Republic of China (hereafter, "China"). The area of the country is 199 951 square kilometres (km²); the population is 6.71 million, 1.05 million of which live in the capital, Bishkek. Mountains occupy 94% of the territory of Kyrgyzstan.
The World Bank states that the Kyrgyz Republic sits at the crossroads of the large Chinese, South Asian and Russian markets, with unfettered access to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) (of which it is a member) and could thus attract significant investments from the immediate region. Regional export potential is especially strong in hydro energy, and promising possibilities exist in trade transit in roads and railways. Given the right socio-political and policy conditions, the country could attract massive cross regional energy and transport investments (World Bank, 2019).
Kyrgyzstan''s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2020 was USD 1 176 (World Bank, 2021). The World Bank classifies Kyrgyzstan as a lower-middle-income country, in the same category as neighbouring Tajikistan. In recent years, the largest contribution to GDP has come from trade and services, followed by industry and agriculture. Garment manufacturing and mining are important components of the industry.
While the country has had consistent economic growth since gaining independence in 1991, 25.3% of its population (ADB, 2021) still lives below the poverty line. Since independence, economic growth has been uneven, characterised by declines caused by political upheavals (i.e. the revolutions of 2005, 2010 and 2020) and occasional years or short periods of high growth.
The Kyrgyz Republic''s plentiful water resources make hydropower the most important energy source; it also has significant deposits of coal, but oil and natural gas resources are marginal. The country is dependent on the import of natural gas, oil and oil products.
Domestic energy production is mainly from hydroelectric power plants and coal mining. The residential sector is the largest energy-consuming sector in the country, followed by transport and industry. Citizens enjoy universal access to electricity and one of the lowest residential electricity tariffs in the world.
The Kyrgyz government adopted its long-term Sustainable Development Strategy for 2018‑2040 (SDS) and the accompanying medium-term National Development Program (NDP) until 2026.
However, the country lacks a long-term integrated energy sector development strategy. The National Energy Program for Developing the Fuel and Energy Complex for 2008‑2010 and strategy for the energy sector development up to 2025 spells out the government''s vision for maintaining energy security, increasing domestic production and promoting sustainable development. However, 14years after its adoption, the policy has not been implemented as designed.
The government is finalising a draft Concept for the Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex of the KyrgyzRepublic until 2030. These are laudable efforts, but the country could benefit from a longer-term vision for the comprehensive and integrated policy framework based on clear strategic goals and in-depth planning for each energy subsector.
In a recent sector restructuring, four distribution companies were merged into one company and further consolidated with the National Electric Grid of Kyrgyzstan. The national generation company Open Joint-Stock Company (OJSC) Electric Stations was merged with the Bishkek district heating distribution company (OJSC Bishkekteploset). JSC Chakan GES (cascade of small hydros) remained separate. Therefore, there are only three companies in the power sector now.
This could be viewed as a retrograde step from the perspective of establishing a more liberalised power sector characterised by greater efficiency, competition and transparency.
Lowering the status of the Energy Regulator and putting it under supervision of the MoE constrict the Energy Regulator''s ability to carry out autonomous economic regulation of the energy sector. The sector consolidation creates regulatory challenges in performance monitoring and implementing best practice forms of incentive regulation.
Kyrgyzstan has cross-border electricity trade with Kazakhstan (export and import), Uzbekistan (export) and Tajikistan (import in small quantities). In 2021, due to the low water level in the Toktogul reservoir and the resulting power deficit, Kyrgyzstan imported electricity from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
Under the framework of CAPS, Kyrgyzstan''s hydropower system was designed not only to produce electricity, but to provide major ancillary services, frequency regulation and operating reserves for the regional power system. However, these functions are not fully operational due to the lack of agreement among the neighbouring power systems on pricing mechanisms for such services.
The government also prioritises regional electricity market development to improve energy security, intensify market competition and increase exports of Kyrgyz electricity. Kyrgyzstan participates in the CASA‑1000 project, which would connect Kyrgyzstan with Tajikistan via 500kV Datka-Khodjent transmission line to export power to Afghanistan and Pakistan.
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